Using Economics for Sustainability, Efficient Management, and Conflict Resolution in Water

L’eau est généralement une ressource considérée uniquement en termes de quantité. Elle est estimée en termes de consummation et d’approvisionnement de manière à établir un équilibre. Lorsque cet équilibre est rompu ou lorsqu’apparaît une pénurie, les alarmes sont déclenchées et de l’ingénierie ou des solutions politiques sont recherchées en vue de trouver des sources supplémentaires. Les contentieux sur l’eau sont généralement pensés de cette manière. Deux ou plusieurs parties ayant des revendications aux mêmes sources d’eau sont considérées comme jouant un jeu à somme nulle. L’eau qu’obtient l’une des parties n’est tout simplement pas disponible pour les autres, de sorte que le gain d’une partie est considérée comme une perte pour l’autre. Mais il y a une autre façon de penser les problèmes d’eau et les conflits de l’eau qui prenne en compte les droits de propriété sur l’eau et les usages de l’eau, une façon qui peut conduire à la résolution des différends et au développement durable, à la gestion optimale de l’eau.Consumption amounts for water are projected, supplies estimated, and a balance struck. Where that balance shows a shortage, alarms are sounded and engineering or political solutions to secure additional sources are sought. Disputes over water are also generally thought of in this way. Two or more parties with claims to the same water sources are seen as playing a zero-sum game. The water that one party gets is simply not available to the others, so that one party’s gain is seen as the other parties’ loss. But there is another way of thinking about water problems and water disputes, both taking account of water ownership and water usage a way that can lead both to dispute resolution and to sustainable, optimal water management

The precautions of clinical waste: disposable medical sharps in the United Kingdom

This article deals with recent changes in UK guidance on clinical waste, in particular a shift to disposable, single-use instruments and sharps. I use interviews conducted with nurses from a GP practice and two clinical waste managers at alternative treatment and incineration sites as a springboard for reflection on the relationship between the legislation on clinical waste management and its implementation. Scrutinizing the UK guidance, European legislation and World Health Organization principles, I draw out interviewees’ concerns that the changed practices lead to an expansion of the hazardous waste category, with an increased volume going to incineration. This raises questions regarding the regulations’ environmental and health effects, and regarding the precautionary approach embedded in the regulations. Tracing the diverse reverberations of the term ‘waste’ in different points along the journeys made by sharps in particular, and locating these questions in relation to existing literature on waste, I emphasize that public health rationales for the new practices are not made clear in the guidance. I suggest that this relative silence on the subject conceals both the uncertainties regarding the necessity for these means of managing the risks of infectious waste, and the tensions between policies of precautionary public health and environmental sustainability

Measurement in Economics and Social Science

The paper discusses measurement, primarily in economics, from both analytical and historical perspectives. The historical section traces the commitment to ordinalism on the part of economic theorists from the doctrinal disputes between classical economics and marginalism, through the struggle of orthodox economics against socialism down to the cold-war alliance between mathematical social science and anti-communist ideology. In economics the commitment to ordinalism led to the separation of theory from the quantitative measures that are computed in practice: price and quantity indexes, consumer surplus and real national product. The commitment to ordinality entered political science, via Arrow’s ‘impossibility theorem’, effectively merging it with economics, and ensuring its sterility. How can a field that has as its central result the impossibility of democracy contribute to the design of democratic institutions? The analytical part of the paper deals with the quantitative measures mentioned above. I begin with the conceptual clarification that what these measures try to achieve is a restoration of the money metric that is lost when prices are variable. I conclude that there is only one measure that can be embedded in a satisfactory economic theory, free from unreasonable restrictions. It is the Törnqvist index as an approximation to its theoretical counterpart the Divisia index. The statistical agencies have at various times produced different measures for real national product and its components, as well as related concepts. I argue that all of these are flawed and that a single deflator should be used for the aggregate and the components. Ideally this should be a chained Törnqvist price index defined on aggregate consumption. The social sciences are split. The economic approach is abstract, focused on the assumption of rational and informed behavior, and tends to the political right. The sociological approach is empirical, stresses the non-rational aspects of human behavior and tends to the political left. I argue that the split is due to the fact that the empirical and theoretical traditions were never joined in the social sciences as they were in the natural sciences. I also argue that measurement can potentially help in healing this split

Emergence of clones in sexual populations

In sexual population, recombination reshuffles genetic variation and produces novel combinations of existing alleles, while selection amplifies the fittest genotypes in the population. If recombination is more rapid than selection, populations consist of a diverse mixture of many genotypes, as is observed in many populations. In the opposite regime, which is realized for example in the facultatively sexual populations that outcross in only a fraction of reproductive cycles, selection can amplify individual genotypes into large clones. Such clones emerge when the fitness advantage of some of the genotypes is large enough that they grow to a significant fraction of the population despite being broken down by recombination. The occurrence of this "clonal condensation" depends, in addition to the outcrossing rate, on the heritability of fitness. Clonal condensation leads to a strong genetic heterogeneity of the population which is not adequately described by traditional population genetics measures, such as Linkage Disequilibrium. Here we point out the similarity between clonal condensation and the freezing transition in the Random Energy Model of spin glasses. Guided by this analogy we explicitly calculate the probability, Y, that two individuals are genetically identical as a function of the key parameters of the model. While Y is the analog of the spin-glass order parameter, it is also closely related to rate of coalescence in population genetics: Two individuals that are part of the same clone have a recent common ancestor.Comment: revised versio